Z E M C H 2 0 1 2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e
308
Table 2: Energy demand for a single town inhabitant, and energy yields for selected renewable
technologies (JRC calculations based on Eurostat 2010). The surface area requirement is the ratio of
above quantities. Assumptions for calculation: room space for living: 25 m
2
/cap, yearly energy
consumption for heating & cooling: 100 kWh/year/m
2
, yearly electricity consumption 1 MWh/cap.
Wind energy yield assumes land area equals rotor area, and no additional use. [re-arranged from
Scognamiglio, Ossenbrink, Annunziato 2011]
Table 3: comparison between the energy production of PV, ST, and combined PV and heat pumps.
PV assumptions: energy production for 1 m
2
PV module, optimal tilt and azimuth angles, power
density 120 W/m
2
. The estimation is based on JRC PVGIS calculations for 1 kW
p
, crystalline silicon
technology (8,3 m
2
PV modules surface) [JRC PVGIS]. ST assumptions are based on two
technologies, flat plate and evacuated tubes. Heat pumps assumptions, based on 1 kW electric input
delivering
3
kW
output;
COP=3.
Rome
Berlin
Oslo
Average sum of global irradiation
received by the solar collectors (kWh/m
2
)
1680
1150
1000
Average annual electricity production for
1m
2
crystalline silicon PV module
(kWh/m
2
/year)
202
105
94
Average annual thermal production for
1m
2
flat plate ST collector (kWh/m
2
/year)
400
270
250
Average annual thermal production for
1m
2
evacuated tubes solar thermal
collector (kWh/m
2
/year)
600
520
500
Average annual thermal production for
1m
2
crystalline silicon PV module
(kWh/m
2
/year) combined with a air to
water heat pump (COP 1:3)
606
315
282
In buildings, especially in dense cities where space is a limited commodity, the use of a
building’s envelope area for catching sunshine to be converted into electricity or thermal
energy requires some priority decisions as to whether it is ST, PV, or a combination that
shall be applied.
